Top 10 Most Expected Questions of Nervous System | HAP-II Unit 1 B. Pharma 2nd Sem

byNiraj Kushwaha -

 Unit 1: Nervous System

✅ Q.1: Define neuron.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

It is a specialized cell that is responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting nerve impulses throughout the body.

📘 Answer (Hinglish Explanation):

Neuron ek special type ki cell hoti hai jo nervous system ki structural aur functional unit ke roop me kaam karti hai.
Ye cell body ke alag-alag parts me messages (nerve impulses) bhejne ka kaam karti hai.

Neuron ka main function hota hai:

  • Information ko receive karna (dushre neurons ya sensory organs se)

  • Usse process karna

  • Aur phir transmit karna (next neuron, muscle ya gland tak)

🧠 Neuron ke teen main parts hote hain:

  1. Cell body (Soma) – Jisme nucleus hota hai aur metabolic activities hoti hain

  2. Dendrites – Ye branches jese structures hote hain jo signal ko receive karte hain

  3. Axon – Ye ek lambi tube jesa part hota hai jo signal ko next cell tak bhejta hai

🔁 Simple Line for Memory:

Neuron = Message lane wala + Process karne wala + Message bhejne wala messenger cell

✅ Q.2: Define Neuroglia

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, are the supporting cells of the nervous system.
They do not generate nerve impulses like neurons but perform vital functions such as:

  • Providing structural support to neurons

  • Supplying nutrients

  • Removing waste

  • Protecting against pathogens

  • Maintaining the extracellular environment

There are different types of neuroglia in the CNS and PNS:

  • Astrocytes – maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide nutrients

  • Oligodendrocytes – form myelin sheath in the CNS

  • Microglia – act as phagocytes to remove debris and fight infection

  • Ependymal cells – help in production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

  • Schwann cells – form myelin sheath in the PNS

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Neuroglia yaani glial cells, nervous system ki supporting cells hoti hain.
Ye neurons ki tarah signal nahi bhejti, lekin neurons ko safety, nutrition aur support deti hain.

Inka kaam:

  • Neurons ko support aur structure dena

  • Unko nutrients provide karna

  • Waste products ko remove karna

  • Nervous system ko infection se bachana

  • Neurons ke aas-paas ka chemical balance maintain karna

Important types:

  • Astrocytes: Blood-brain barrier banate hain aur nutrients dete hain

  • Oligodendrocytes: CNS me myelin sheath banate hain

  • Microglia: Infection se fight karte hain

  • Ependymal cells: CSF banate aur circulate karte hain

  • Schwann cells: PNS me myelin sheath banate hain

✅ Q.3: Classify the Nerve Fibres.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

Nerve fibres are classified based on conduction velocity, diameter, and function.
There are two main classification systems:

1. Erlanger and Gasser Classification (for motor and sensory fibres – mostly in somatic nervous system):

  • A fibers: Myelinated and fast-conducting

    • Aα (alpha): Motor to skeletal muscles

    • Aβ (beta): Touch and pressure

    • Aγ (gamma): Muscle spindle

    • Aδ (delta): Pain and temperature

  • B fibers: Lightly myelinated, autonomic preganglionic

  • C fibers: Unmyelinated, slowest; pain, temperature, autonomic postganglionic

2. Lloyd and Hunt Classification (for sensory fibres from muscle spindle):

  • Group Ia: Muscle spindle (primary endings)

  • Group Ib: Golgi tendon organs

  • Group II: Secondary endings of muscle spindle

  • Group III: Pain and temperature

  • Group IV: Unmyelinated, slow pain

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Nerve fibres ko unki speed (conduction velocity), diameter, aur function ke आधार पर classify kiya jaata hai. Iske do important classification system hote hain:

🔹 1. Erlanger and Gasser (Somatic system ke liye):

  • A fibres (सबसे fast):

    • Aα – muscles ko control karta hai

    • Aβ – touch aur pressure ko detect karta hai

    • Aγ – muscle spindle se जुड़ा होता है

    • Aδ – pain aur temperature ke signal lata hai

  • B fibres – thoda slow, autonomic system ke preganglionic hote hain

  • C fibres – bina myelin ke, सबसे slow, pain aur autonomic functions ke liye

🔹 2. Lloyd and Hunt (Muscle se aane wale sensory signals ke liye):

  • Group Ia – muscle stretch detect karta hai

  • Group Ib – tendon (Golgi tendon) ka stretch detect karta hai

  • Group II – secondary muscle spindle input

  • Group III – pain aur temperature

  • Group IV – slow pain, unmyelinated

✅ Q.4: Write the properties of nerve fibres.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

The main properties of nerve fibres are:

  1. Excitability – Ability to respond to a stimulus.

  2. Conductivity – Ability to transmit the nerve impulse along the fibre.

  3. Refractory Period – Time during which a nerve fibre does not respond to a second stimulus.

  4. All-or-None Law – A stimulus either causes a full response or none at all.

  5. Summation – Multiple sub-threshold stimuli can combine to generate an action potential.

  6. Adaptation – Continuous stimulation leads to decreased response over time.

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Nerve fibres ki kuchh important properties hoti hain, jo unke kaam karne ka tareeka batati hain:

  1. Excitability (उत्तेजनशीलता) – Jab koi stimulus diya jaata hai (jaise touch ya current), to nerve fibre us par reaction karta hai.

  2. Conductivity (संवहन क्षमता) – Nerve impulse ko ek jagah se doosri jagah le jaane ki capacity.

  3. Refractory Period – Ek chhota samay hota hai jab nerve fibre dobara koi signal nahi bhej sakta, chahe stimulus ho.

  4. All-or-None Law – Ya to nerve pura response karega ya bilkul nahi; beech ka kuch nahi hota.

  5. Summation – Agar ek weak stimulus kuch nahi kar paata, to kai aise weak signals milke ek strong response bana sakte hain.

  6. Adaptation – Agar nerve fibre ko bar-bar stimulus mile, to dheere-dheere uska response kam ho jaata hai.

✅ Q.5: Draw and label the structure of a neuron.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

A neuron consists of three main parts:

  1. Cell Body (Soma)

    • Contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.

    • Controls metabolic activity of the neuron.

  2. Dendrites

    • Short, branched extensions.

    • Receive impulses from other neurons and carry them to the cell body.

  3. Axon

    • Long, single extension from the cell body.

    • Transmits impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

    • May be covered by Myelin Sheath which increases speed of conduction.

✅ Diagram:



✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Neuron ek special cell hoti hai jo message ko transfer karta hai. Iske teen main parts hote hain:

  1. Cell Body (Soma):
    Yah neuron ka center part hota hai jisme nucleus hota hai. Ye pura neuron ka control center hota hai.

  2. Dendrites:
    Ye chhoti-chhoti branches hoti hain jo signal ko dusre neurons se lekar cell body tak pahunchati hain.

Axon:
Ye ek lambi nali jaise hoti hai jo signal ko cell body se door bhejta hai (jaise muscles ya dusre neurons tak).
Axon ke around Myelin sheath hota hai jo signal ko fast banata hai.

✅ Q.6: Write types of Neuroglia.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

Neuroglia (also called glial cells) are the supporting cells of the nervous system. They do not generate nerve impulses but play important roles in protection, nutrition, and maintenance of neurons.

There are two main types based on location:

A. Neuroglia of CNS (Central Nervous System):

  1. Astrocytes – Provide support and form the blood-brain barrier.

  2. Oligodendrocytes – Produce myelin sheath in CNS.

  3. Microglia – Act as phagocytes (remove dead cells and microbes).

  4. Ependymal Cells – Line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

B. Neuroglia of PNS (Peripheral Nervous System):

  1. Schwann Cells – Produce myelin sheath in PNS.

  2. Satellite Cells – Provide support and regulate the chemical environment around neurons.

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Neuroglia ya Glial cells nervous system ki helper cells hoti hain. Ye khud signal nahi bhejti, lekin neuron ko protect, nourish aur maintain karti hain.

Central Nervous System (CNS) ke 4 neuroglia:

  1. Astrocytes: Neuron ko support karti hain aur blood-brain barrier banati hain.

  2. Oligodendrocytes: CNS me myelin sheath banati hain.

  3. Microglia: Dead cells aur germs ko khatam karti hain (immune ka kaam karti hain).

  4. Ependymal Cells: Brain ke ventricles ko line karti hain aur CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) banati hain.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ke 2 neuroglia:

  1. Schwann Cells: PNS me myelin sheath banati hain.

  2. Satellite Cells: Neurons ke aas-paas ke chemical ko control karti hain aur support deti hain.

✅ Q.7: Write the functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid found in the ventricles of the brain, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space. It performs the following functions:

  1. Protection – Acts as a cushion and protects brain and spinal cord from shocks and injuries.

  2. Buoyancy – Reduces the weight of the brain and prevents it from putting pressure on the base of the skull.

  3. Excretion of Waste – Removes waste products from the central nervous system.

  4. Chemical Stability – Maintains a stable chemical environment for neurons.

  5. Circulation of Nutrients – Helps in transport of nutrients and hormones to brain tissue.

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) ek saaf aur rangheen fluid hota hai jo brain ke ventricles, spinal cord ke central canal aur subarachnoid space me paaya jaata hai.

CSF ke kaam:

  1. Protection (Suraksha): Brain aur spinal cord ko shock ya chot lagne se bachata hai (jaise cushion).

  2. Buoyancy (Tairne ka kaam): Brain ka weight halka karta hai taaki wo skull ke niche pressure na daale.

  3. Waste Removal: Nervous system ke toxic cheezein ya waste ko bahar nikaalta hai.

  4. Chemical Balance: Brain ke aas-paas chemical environment ko stable rakhta hai.

  5. Nutrition Circulation: Nutrients aur hormones ko brain ke tissues tak pahunchata hai.

✅ Q.8: Write the meninges of the brain.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

Meninges are the three protective connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. The three meninges are:

  1. Dura mater – The outermost tough and thick layer.

  2. Arachnoid mater – The middle, web-like layer.

  3. Pia mater – The innermost delicate layer that is closely attached to the brain surface.

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Meninges brain aur spinal cord ko surround karne waale 3 protective coverings hote hain. Ye protection aur support dete hain.

3 types of meninges:

  1. Dura mater (बाहर वाली परत):
    Ye sabse thick aur tough hoti hai, brain ko physical injury se protect karti hai.

  2. Arachnoid mater (बीच की परत):
    Ye web jaise structure wali hoti hai. Iske neeche subarachnoid space hota hai jisme CSF hota hai.

  3. Pia mater (अंदर वाली परत):
    Ye sabse soft aur delicate hoti hai, aur brain ke surface ke saath tightly chipki hoti hai. Isme blood vessels hoti hain jo brain ko nutrients deti hain.

📌 Mnemonic to Remember:
"D-A-P" → Dura, Arachnoid, Pia

✅ Q.9: Name the parts of brain.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

The major parts of the human brain are:

  1. Cerebrum

  2. Cerebellum

  3. Brainstem, which includes:

    • Midbrain

    • Pons

    • Medulla oblongata

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Human brain ke main 3 parts hote hain:

  1. Cerebrum (मस्तिष्क का सबसे बड़ा भाग):
    Ye thinking, memory, intelligence aur voluntary movements (jaise chalna, bolna) control karta hai.

  2. Cerebellum (छोटा brain):
    Ye balance, coordination aur posture ko control karta hai.

  3. Brainstem (मस्तिष्क तना):
    Ye basic life functions ko control karta hai jaise heartbeat, breathing, aur blood pressure.
    Iske 3 parts hote hain:

    • Midbrain – Vision aur hearing se related hota hai.

    • Pons – Signals ko cerebrum aur cerebellum ke beech bhejta hai.

    • Medulla oblongata – Involuntary actions jaise heart rate, respiration control karta hai.

✅ Q.10: Name the parts of brain stem.

(2 Marks | Very Short Answer)

📘 English Answer:

The brain stem consists of the following three parts:

  1. Midbrain

  2. Pons

  3. Medulla oblongata

✅ Hinglish Explanation:

Brain stem ke 3 main parts hote hain:

  1. Midbrain (मध्य मस्तिष्क):
    – Ye vision (देखने) aur hearing (सुनने) se related signals ko process karta hai.

  2. Pons (पॉन्स):
    – Ye cerebrum aur cerebellum ke बीच signals bhejne ka काम करता है aur sleep, respiration mein help karta hai.

  3. Medulla oblongata (मेडुला ऑब्लोंगाटा):
    – Ye involuntary functions jaise heart rate, blood pressure, aur breathing ko control karta है.

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